Volume 9, Issue 1 (March 2022)
J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2022, 9(1): 14-22 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Ilievska G, Stojanovska-Dimzoska B, Koceva D, Stojković G, Angeleska A, Dimitrieska-Stojković E. Dietary Exposure and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Dairy Products Consumed by Population of North Macedonia. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2022; 9 (1) :14-22
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1006-en.html
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1006-en.html
G. Ilievska 
, B. Stojanovska-Dimzoska , D. Koceva , G. Stojković , A. Angeleska , E. Dimitrieska-Stojković *
, B. Stojanovska-Dimzoska , D. Koceva , G. Stojković , A. Angeleska , E. Dimitrieska-Stojković *
Ss Cyril and Methodius University from Skopje, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine-Skopje, Lazar Pop-Trajkov 5-7, 1000, Skopje, North Macedonia , edimitrieska@fvm.ukim.edu.mk
Abstract: (972 Views)
Background: Aflatoxins (AFs), as secondary metabolites, are mainly produced by fungi of Aspergillus genus. The determination of contamination rate, dietary exposure, and health risk assessment for aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was conducted aimed to estimate potential health risks for the population of North Macedonia.
Methods: A total of 974 dairy samples, including 404 Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) milk, 291 ice cream, 178 yogurt, and 101 cheese were collected from the markets in North Macedonia. Analysis of AFM1 was done using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Results: The AFM1 incidence was highest in yogurt samples (93.8%) and lowest in UHT milk samples (67.8%). AFM1 concentrations were 49.1±68.4, 30.9±30.0, 35.1±40.4, and 40.1±90.1 ng/kg for UHT milk, ice cream, yogurt, and cheese samples, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for the average population and high consumers (upper bound; samples with AFM1<Limit of Detection (LOD) were 0.150 and 0.456 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively. The Hazard Index (HI), Margin of Exposure (MoE), and the fraction of Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cases per 100,000 inhabitants for the average population reached values of 0.33, 8533, and 0.004, respectively.
Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first report of dietary exposure and risk assessment of AFM1 in dairy products of North Macedonia, revealing a potential risk of AFM1 in population of this country.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.9.1.9686
Methods: A total of 974 dairy samples, including 404 Ultra-High Temperature (UHT) milk, 291 ice cream, 178 yogurt, and 101 cheese were collected from the markets in North Macedonia. Analysis of AFM1 was done using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Results: The AFM1 incidence was highest in yogurt samples (93.8%) and lowest in UHT milk samples (67.8%). AFM1 concentrations were 49.1±68.4, 30.9±30.0, 35.1±40.4, and 40.1±90.1 ng/kg for UHT milk, ice cream, yogurt, and cheese samples, respectively. The Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) for the average population and high consumers (upper bound; samples with AFM1<Limit of Detection (LOD) were 0.150 and 0.456 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively. The Hazard Index (HI), Margin of Exposure (MoE), and the fraction of Hepatocarcinoma (HCC) cases per 100,000 inhabitants for the average population reached values of 0.33, 8533, and 0.004, respectively.
Conclusion: To our best knowledge, this is the first report of dietary exposure and risk assessment of AFM1 in dairy products of North Macedonia, revealing a potential risk of AFM1 in population of this country.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.9.1.9686
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 21/07/25 | Accepted: 21/11/28 | Published: 22/03/28
Received: 21/07/25 | Accepted: 21/11/28 | Published: 22/03/28
References
1. Anfossi L., Baggiani C., Giovannoli C., D'Arco G., Passini C., Giraudi G. (2012). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in Italian cheese: results of a survey conducted in 2010 and correlation with manufacturing, production season, milking animals, and maturation of cheese. Food Control. 25: 125-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.027] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.027]
2. Bahrami R., Shahbazi Y., Nikousefat Z. (2016). Aflatoxin M1 in milk and traditional dairy products from West part of Iran: occurrence and seasonal variation with an emphasis on risk assessment of human exposure. Food Control. 62: 250-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.039] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.10.039]
3. Benkerroum N. (2016). Mycotoxins in dairy products: a review. International Dairy Journal. 62: 63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j. idairyj.2016.07.002] [DOI:10.1016/j.idairyj.2016.07.002]
4. Cadirci O., Gucukoglu A., Ozpinar N., Terzi G., Alisarli M. (2011). Aflatoxin M1 contamination of ice cream in Samsun, Turkey. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances. 10: 2047-2050. [DOI:10.3923/javaa.2011.2047.2050]
5. Cano-Sancho G., Marin S., Ramos A.J., Peris-Vicente J., Sanchis V. (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 and exposure assessment in Catalonia (Spain). Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. 27: 130-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.05.003] [DOI:10.1016/j.riam.2010.05.003] [PMID]
6. Dimitrieska-Stojković E., Stojanovska-Dimzoska B., IlievskaG., Uzunov R., Stojković G., Hajrulai-Musliu Z., Jankuloski D. (2016). Assessment of aflatoxin contamination in raw milk and feed in Macedonia during 2013. Food Control. 59: 201-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.019] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.019]
7. Duarte S.C., Almeida A.M., Teixeira A.S., Pereira A.L., Falcão A.C., Pena A., Lino C.M. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in marketed milk in Portugal: assessment of human and animal exposure. Food Control. 30: 411-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012. 08.002] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.08.002]
8. Ertas N., Gonulalan Z., Yildirim Y., Karadal F. (2011). A survey of concentration of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products marketed in Turkey. Food Control. 22: 1956-1959. [DOI: 10.1016/j. foodcont.2011.05.009] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.009]
9. European Commission. (2006a). Commission Regulation (EC) No 1881/2006 of 19 December 2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European :union:. L 364/5.
10. European Commission (2006b). Commission Regulation (EC) No 401/2006 of 23 February 2006 laying down the methods of sampling and analysis for the official control of the levels of mycotoxins in foodstuffs. Official Journal. L 70/12.
11. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2010). Management of left-censored data in dietary exposure assessment of chemical substances. EFSA Journal. 8: 1557. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa. 2010.1557] [DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1557]
12. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). (2020). Risk assessment of aflatoxins in food. EFSA Journal. 18:6040. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [DOI:10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6040] [PMID]
13. Hassan Z.U., Al-Thani R., Atia F.A., Almeer S., Balmas V., Migheli Q., Jaoua S. (2018). Evidence of low levels of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products marketed in Qatar. Food Control. 92: 25-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018. 04.038] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.04.038]
14. Iha M.H., Barbosa C.B., Duarte Favaro R.M., Trucksess M.W. (2011a). Chromatographic method for the determination of aflatoxin M1 in cheese, yogurt, and dairy beverages. Journal of AOAC International. 94: 1513-1518. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/94. 5.1513] [DOI:10.1093/jaoac/94.5.1513] [PMID]
15. Iha M.H., Barbosa C.B., Okada I.A.,Trucksess M.W. (2011b). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products in Brazil. Food Control. 22: 1971-1974. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05. 013] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.05.013]
16. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2002). IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Some traditional herbal medicines, some mycotoxins, naphthalene and styrene. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon, France.
17. Iqbal S.Z., Asi M.R., Malik N. (2017). The seasonal variation of aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products and assessment of dietary intake in Punjab, Pakistan. Food Control. 79: 292-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.015] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.04.015]
18. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (2001). Safety evaluation of certain mycotoxins in food / prepared by the fifty-sixth meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). FAO. Geneva, Switzerland.
19. Kazemi Darsanaki R., Azizollahi Aliabadi M., Doost Chakoosari M. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 contamination in ice-cream. Journal of Chemical Health Risks. 3: 43-46. [DOI: 10.22034/JCHR.2018. 544019]
20. Kos J., Lević J., Đuragić O., Kokić B., Miladinović I. (2014). Occurrence and estimation of aflatoxin M1 exposure in milk in Serbia. Food Control. 38: 41-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont. 2013.09.060] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.060]
21. Kuiper-Goodman T. (1990). Uncertainties in the risk assessment of three mycotoxins: aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and zearalenone. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 68:1017-1024. [DOI: 10.1139/y90-155] [DOI:10.1139/y90-155] [PMID]
22. Leblanc J.-C., Tard A., Volatier J.-L., Verger P. (2005). Estimated dietary exposure to principal food mycotoxins from the first French total diet study. Food Additives and Contaminants. 22: 652-672. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030500159938] [DOI:10.1080/02652030500159938] [PMID]
23. Lee D., Lee K.-G. (2015). Analysis of aflatoxin M1 and M2 in commercial dairy products using high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. Food Control. 50: 467-471. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.020] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.09.020]
24. Manetta A.C., Giammarco M., Di Giuseppe L., Fusaro I., Gramenzi A., Formigoni A., Vignola G., Lambertini L. (2009). Distribution of aflatoxin M1 during Grana Padano cheese production from naturally contaminated milk. Food Chemistry. 113: 595-599 [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.091] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.091]
25. Miličević D.R., Spirić D., Radičević T., Velebit B., Stefanović S., Milojević L., Janković S. (2017). A review of the current situation of aflatoxin M1 in cow's milk in Serbia: risk assessment and regulatory aspects. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A. 34: 1617-1631. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017. 1363414] [DOI:10.1080/19440049.2017.1363414] [PMID]
26. Montagna M.T., Napoli C., De Giglio O., Iatta R., Barbuti G. (2008). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in dairy products in southern Italy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 9: 2614-2621. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms9122614] [DOI:10.3390/ijms9122614] [PMID] [PMCID]
27. Nilchian Z., Rahimi E. (2012). Aflatoxin M1 in yoghurts, cheese and ice-cream in Shahrekord-Iran. World Applied Sciences Journal. 19: 621-624. [DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2012.19.05. 65172]
28. Prado G., De Oliveira M.S., Lima A.S., Moreira A.P.A. (2008). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in parmesan cheese consumed in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Ciência e Agrotecnologia. 32: 1906-1911. [DOI: 10.1590/S1413-70542008000600033] [DOI:10.1590/S1413-70542008000600033]
29. Santini A., Raiola A., Ferrantelli V., Giangrosso G., Macaluso A., Bognanno M., Galvano F., Ritieni A. (2013). Aflatoxin M1 in raw, UHT milk and dairy products in Sicily (Italy). Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B. 6: 181-186. [DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2013.780186] [DOI:10.1080/19393210.2013.780186] [PMID]
30. Serraino A., Bonilauri P., Kerekes K., Farkas Z., Giacometti F., Canever A., Zambrini A.V., Ambrus Á. (2019). Occurrence of aflatoxin M1 in raw milk marketed in Italy: exposure assessment and risk characterization. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 1-10. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02516] [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02516] [PMID] [PMCID]
31. Škrbić B., Antić I., Živančev J. (2015). Presence of aflatoxin M1 in white and hard cheese samples from Serbia. Food Control. 50: 111-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.031] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.031]
32. Škrbić B., Živančev J., Antić I., Godula M. (2014). Levels of aflatoxin M1 in different types of milk collected in Serbia: assessment of human and animal exposure. Food Control. 40: 113-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.039] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.11.039]
33. State Statistical Office of Republic of Macedonia. (2014). Household consumption in the Republic of Macedonia, 2014. URL: https://www.stat.gov.mk/Publikacii/4.4.15.01.pdf.
34. Udovicki B., Djekic I., Kalogianni E.P., Rajkovic A. (2019). Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin M1 intake through consumption of milk and yoghurt by student population in Serbia and Greece. Toxins. 11: 205. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040205] [DOI:10.3390/toxins11040205] [PMID] [PMCID]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
