Volume 10, Issue 4 (December 2023)
J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2023, 10(4): 178-188 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Dewi R, Elfriede D, Fransisca, Lai S. Food Safety Aspects of Palm Sugar: The Authentic Local Sweetener from Baduy Tribe, Indonesia. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2023; 10 (4) :178-188
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1065-en.html
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1065-en.html
Department of Food Business Technology, School of Applied STEM, Universitas Prasetiya Mulya, Kavling Edutown, Tangerang, Indonesia , rike.dewi@pmbs.ac.id
Abstract: (544 Views)
Background: Baduy is an Indonesian native tribe which still holds ancestral heritage, including food processing. Palm sugar is considered as an authentic local sweetener that is produced naturally by the Baduy individually and is frequently used as a souvenir for tourists. However, the data describing the safety of palm sugar in terms of microbial and heavy metal content have not been widely reported. This study aimed to analyze palm sugar’s safety on the basis of microbial and heavy metal content.
Method: Palm sugars were obtained from 5 of 25 sugar makers in Kanekes village, Baduy using a purposive random sampling in April 2021. The analysis of Total Plate Count, Total Yeast and Mold Count, coliform, and heavy metal were conducted and their results were compared to the requirements of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. Bacterial identification was conducted microscopically and molecularly using a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction. The collected data were analyzed with the descriptive method.
Results: The results demonstrated that the bacterial count of Baduy palm sugar was less than 30 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g; no yeast and mold were observed; negative results for the coliform test; and detected heavy metals were under the limitation of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis standards except for copper. The two found bacteria are non-pathogenic, namely Bacillus megaterium and Kocuria koreensis.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that Baduy palm sugar is safe in terms of microbiological and heavy metals. This research is expected to consist of useful information to the public based on the safety and quality of Baduy palm sugar, and consequently it can attract the attention of Indonesian tourists and even foreign tourists to visit Baduy.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.10.4.14176
Method: Palm sugars were obtained from 5 of 25 sugar makers in Kanekes village, Baduy using a purposive random sampling in April 2021. The analysis of Total Plate Count, Total Yeast and Mold Count, coliform, and heavy metal were conducted and their results were compared to the requirements of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis. Bacterial identification was conducted microscopically and molecularly using a conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction. The collected data were analyzed with the descriptive method.
Results: The results demonstrated that the bacterial count of Baduy palm sugar was less than 30 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g; no yeast and mold were observed; negative results for the coliform test; and detected heavy metals were under the limitation of the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis standards except for copper. The two found bacteria are non-pathogenic, namely Bacillus megaterium and Kocuria koreensis.
Conclusion: The results of the research showed that Baduy palm sugar is safe in terms of microbiological and heavy metals. This research is expected to consist of useful information to the public based on the safety and quality of Baduy palm sugar, and consequently it can attract the attention of Indonesian tourists and even foreign tourists to visit Baduy.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.10.4.14176
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 23/01/14 | Accepted: 23/10/28 | Published: 23/12/30
Received: 23/01/14 | Accepted: 23/10/28 | Published: 23/12/30
References
1. Alengebawy A., Abdelkhalek S.T., Qureshi S.R., Wang M.-Q. (2021). Heavy metals and pesticides toxicity in agricultural soil and plants: ecological risks and human health implications. Toxics. 9: 42. [DOI: 10.3390/toxics9030042] [DOI:10.3390/toxics9030042] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (AOAC). (2015). AOAC official method 2015.01 heavy metals in food. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. URL: https://brooksapplied.com/wp-content/uploads/download/AOAC-Method-2015.01.pdf. Accessed 26 November 2023.
3. Asteria D., Brotosusilo A., Soedrajad M.R., Nugraha F.N. (2021). Adat law and culture: the local authority elements of Baduy tribe on environment preservation. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 716: 012049. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012049] [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/716/1/012049]
4. Babeker A.M., Ahmed A.R., Mustafa G.I., Abdalla A.A., Bakur A. (2022). Determination of some heavy metals and microbial profile of raw sugar samples collected from Sudanese sugar industries in season 2017 in relation to EU.1998 and ICUMSA,1974 standards. International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology. 8: 202-208. [DOI: 10.17352/2455-815X.000164] [DOI:10.17352/2455-815X.000164]
5. Balali-Mood M., Naseri K., Tahergorabi Z., Khazdair M.R., Sadeghi M. (2021). Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 12: 1-19. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972] [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.643972] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Dos Santos J.M., Quináia S.P., Felsner M.L. (2018). Fast and direct analysis of Cr, Cd and Pb in brown sugar by GF AAS. Food Chemistry. 260: 19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.106] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.03.106] [PMID]
7. Egbuonu A., Ogele O., Amaraihu K. (2016). Comparative evaluation of the proximate composition and antibacterial activity of ground Musa paradisiaca (plantain) peels and leaves. British Biotechnology Journal. 15: 1-9. [DOI: 10.9734/BBJ/2016/27151] [DOI:10.9734/BBJ/2016/27151]
8. Elfriede D.P., Fransisca, Dewi R.T.K., Widiastuti N.N.A. (2023). Quality characteristic analysis of Baduy palm sugar. Carpathian Journal of Food Science and Technology. 15: 48-59. [DOI: 10.34302/crpjfst/2023.15.1.4] [DOI:10.34302/crpjfst/2023.15.1.4]
9. Feng P., Weagant S.D., Grant M.A., Burkhardt W. (1998). Enumeration of Escherichia coli and the coliform bacteria, 8th edition, Food and Drug Administration, United States. URL: https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-4-enumeration-escherichia-coli-and-coliform-bacteria.
10. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2001). Bacteriological analytical manual R32: Gram Stain. URL: https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-r32-gram-stain. Accessed 20 November 2021.
11. Goswami G., Panda D., Samanta R., Boro R.C., Modi M.K., Bujarbaruah K.M., Barooah M. (2018). Bacillus megaterium adapts to acid stress condition through a network of genes: insight from a genome-wide transcriptome analysis. Scientific Reports. 8: 16105. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34221-0] [DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-34221-0] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Gunawan W., Maulani R.R., Hati E.P., Awaliyah F., Afif A.H., Albab R.G. (2020). Evaluation of palm sap (Neera) quality (Arenga pinnata Merr) in processing of house hold palm sugar (case study on aren farmers in Gunung Halu village, Gunung Halu district, West Bandung regency). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 466: 012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/466/1/012001] [DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/466/1/012001]
13. Hebbar K.B., Pandiselvam R., Manikantan M.R., Arivalagan M., Beegum S., Chowdappa P. (2018). Palm sap-quality profiles, fermentation chemistry, and preservation methods. Sugar Tech. 20: 621-634. [DOI: 10.1007/s12355-018-0597-z] [DOI:10.1007/s12355-018-0597-z]
14. International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA). (2014). Technical specification for white sugar ICUMSA 150. URL: https://documents.wfp.org/ stellent/ groups/public/documents/manual_guide_proced/wfp263393.pdf. Accessed 10 December 2023.
15. Ishak M.R., Sapuan S.M., Leman Z., Rahman M.Z.A., Anwar U.M.K., Siregar J.P. (2013). Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata): its fibres, polymers and composites. Carbohydrate Polymers. 91: 699-710. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.073] [DOI:10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.073] [PMID]
16. Iskandar B.S., Iskandar J. (2021). Kawung: landraces, management, uses, and conservation based on moral versus economic interest among outer Baduy community, South Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 22: 5572-5584. [DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d221242] [DOI:10.13057/biodiv/d221242]
17. Kandi V., Palange P., Vaish R., Bhatti A.B., Kale V., Kandi M.R., Bhoomagiri M.R. (2016). Emerging bacterial infection: identification and clinical significance of Kocuria species. Cureus. 8: e731. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.731] [DOI:10.7759/cureus.731]
18. Khasanah U., Mahasri G., Kusdarwati R. (2021). Examination of Escherichia coli bacteria in blood cockle satay (Anadara granosa) sold at Surabaya traditional market, Indonesia. World's Veterinary Journal. 11: 79-84. [DOI: 10.54203/scil.2021.wvj11] [DOI:10.54203/scil.2021.wvj11]
19. Kumar V., Naik B., Sharma S., Kumar A., Khan J.M., Irfan M. (2022). Molecular diversity of microbes associated with fermented bamboo shoots. Tropical Life Sciences Research. 33: 151-164. [DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2022.33.3.9] [DOI:10.21315/tlsr2022.33.3.9] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Kurniawan T., Jayanudin., Kustiningsih I., Firdaus M.A. (2018). Palm sap sources, characteristics, and utilization in indonesia. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 6: 590-596. [DOI: 10.12691/jfnr-6-9-8] [DOI:10.12691/jfnr-6-9-8]
21. Lee J.-G., Hwang J.-Y., Lee H.-E., Kim T.-H., Choi J.-D., Gang G.-J. (2019). Effects of food processing methods on migration of heavy metals to food. Applied Biological Chemistry. 62: 64. [DOI: 10.1186/s13765-019-0470-0] [DOI:10.1186/s13765-019-0470-0]
22. MacArthur R.L., Teye E., Darkwa S. (2021). Microbial contamination in palm oil selected from markets in major cities of Ghana. Heliyon. 7: e07681. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07681] [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07681] [PMID] [PMCID]
23. Malanicheva I.A., Kozlov D.G., Sumarukova I.G., Efremenkova O.V., Zenkova V.A, Katrukha G.S., Reznikova M.I., Tarasova O.D., Sineokii S.P., El'-Registan G.I. (2012). Antimicrobial activity of Bacillus megaterium strains. Microbiology. 81: 178-185. [DOI: 10.1134/S0026261712020063] [DOI:10.1134/S0026261712020063]
24. Maturin L., Peeler J.T. (2001). Aerobic plate count. 8th edition. Food and Drug Administration, United States. URL: https://www.fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-3-aerobic-plate-count. Accessed 25 November 2023.
25. Mendonca A., Thomas-Popo E., Gordon A. (2020). Microbiological considerations in food safety and quality systems implementation. In: Gordon A. (Editor). Food safety and quality systems in developing countries. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, Netherlands. pp: 185-260. [DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-814272-1.00005-X] [DOI:10.1016/B978-0-12-814272-1.00005-X]
26. Monisha K., Mariyanancyarputha L. (2022). Enumeration of fungal isolates and screening of mycotoxigenic species in palm sugar samples by polyphasic identification. International Journal of Advanced Health Science and Technology. 2: 355-363 [DOI: 10.35882/ijahst.v2i5.149] [DOI:10.35882/ijahst.v2i5.149]
27. Morgan J.N. (1999). Effects of processing on heavy metal content of foods. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 459: 195-211. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_13] [DOI:10.1007/978-1-4615-4853-9_13] [PMID]
28. Mostafa H.S. (2021). Banana plant as a source of valuable antimicrobial compounds and its current applications in the food sector. Journal of Food Science. 86: 3778-3797. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15854]. [DOI:10.1111/1750-3841.15854] [PMID]
29. Nurhayati R., Zulfa N., Herawati E.R.N., Laila U. (2022). Physicochemical, and microbiological characteristics of probiotic dark chocolate bar sweetened with palm sugar and coconut sugar. Food Research. 6: 97-107. [DOI: 10.26656/fr.2017.6(5).591] [DOI:10.26656/fr.2017.6(5).591]
30. Park E.-J., Roh S.W., Kim M.-S., Jung M.-J., Shin K.-S., Bae J.-W. (2010). Kocuria koreensis sp. nov., isolated from fermented seafood. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 60: 140-143. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.012310-0] [DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.012310-0] [PMID]
31. Phaichamnan M., Posri W., Meenune M. (2010). Quality profile of palm sugar concentrate produced in Songkhla province, Thailand. International Food Research Journal. 17: 425-432.
32. Pradhan P., Tamang J.P. (2019). Phenotypic and genotypic identification of bacteria isolated from traditionally prepared dry starters of the eastern Himalayas. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 2526. [DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02526] [DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2019.02526] [PMID] [PMCID]
33. Saleh A.E., Ul-Hassan Z., Zeidan R., Al-Shamary N., Al-Yafei T., Alnaimi H., Higazy N.S., Migheli Q., Jaoua S. (2021). Biocontrol activity of Bacillus megaterium BM344-1 against toxigenic fungi. ACS Omega. 6: 10984-10990. [DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00816] [DOI:10.1021/acsomega.1c00816] [PMID] [PMCID]
34. Saleh I., Atmaja I.S.W., Syahadat R.M. (2020). Prohibition in Baduy Dalam community: soil and water conservation perspective. Atlantis Press. 429: 180-182. [DOI: 10.2991/ assehr.k.200402.040] [DOI:10.2991/assehr.k.200402.040]
35. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A.R. (1977). DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences. 74: 5463-5467. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463] [DOI:10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463] [PMID] [PMCID]
36. Saputro A.D., Van De Walle D., Dewettinck K. (2019). Palm sap sugar: a review. Sugar Tech. 21: 862-867. [DOI: 10.1007/s12355-019-00743-8] [DOI:10.1007/s12355-019-00743-8]
37. Saputro A.D., Van De Walle D., Dewettinck K. (2020). Physicochemical properties of coarse palm sap sugars as natural alternative sweetener. Food Bioscience. 38: 100780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100780] [DOI:10.1016/j.fbio.2020.100780]
38. Sarkar T., Mukherjee M., Roy S., Chakraborty R. (2023). Palm sap sugar an unconventional source of sugar exploration for bioactive compounds and its role on functional food development. Heliyon. 9: e14788. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14788] [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14788] [PMID] [PMCID]
39. Sumawijaya., Sumaryadi I.N., Hasan E., Lukman S. (2020). The role of socio-culture and the factors affecting the development of the baduy community. International Journal of Science and Society. 2: 338-348. [DOI: 10.54783/ijsoc.v2i4.219] [DOI:10.54783/ijsoc.v2i4.219]
40. Tournas V., Stack M.E., Mislivec P.B., Koch H.A., Bandler R. (2001). Yeasts, molds and mycotoxins. 8th edition. Food and Drug Administration, United States. URL: https://www. fda.gov/food/laboratory-methods-food/bam-chapter-18-yeasts-molds-and-mycotoxins. Accessed 25 November 2023.
41. Umarella F.H., Tanty D.S., Anjanie A. (2020). The management of local wisdom tourism of Baduy tribe by department of tourism of lebak regency, banten, Indonesia in increasing the number of tourists. Asian Journal of Humanities and Social Studies. 8: 154-160. [DOI: 10.24203/ajhss.v8i5.6321] [DOI:10.24203/ajhss.v8i5.6321]
42. Victor I., Orsat V. (2018). Colour changes during the processing of Arenga pinnata (palm) sap into sugar. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 55: 3845-3849. [DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3314-8] [DOI:10.1007/s13197-018-3314-8] [PMID] [PMCID]
43. Zhang T., Chen J., Hu B. (2019). Authenticity, quality, and loyalty: local food and sustainable tourism experience. Sustainability. 11: 3437. [DOI: 10.3390/su11123437] [DOI:10.3390/su11123437]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
