Volume 6, Issue 4 (December 2019)
J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2019, 6(4): 168-173 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Hougbenou Houngla E, Gbankoto A, Tossougbo Hinson C. Microbial Contamination of Leafy Vegetables in Porto-Novo, Republic of Benin. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2019; 6 (4) :168-173
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-634-en.html
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-634-en.html
Direction de l’Alimentation et de la Nutrition Appliquée, BP 295, Porto-Novo, Benin , jacquos75@yahoo.fr
Abstract: (3395 Views)
Background: The vegetables provide important nutrients to human beings. Nevertheless, contaminated vegetables can cause health problems because of their microbial load. The aim of this study was to assess the microbial quality of three main leafy vegetables cultivated and consumed at Porto-Novo in Republic of Benin.
Methods: Totally, 36 samples of amaranth, nightshade, and lettuce were taken from three districts of Porto-Novo at urban gardening level. The samples were tested microbiologically according to international standards for determination of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, faecal streptococci, and Salmonella spp. The results were analyzed using SPSS software v. 16.0.
Results: In total, aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts in leafy vegetables ranged from 4.42×105 to 1.08×106 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g. The highest and lowest total coliform loads were found in lettuces (3.21×103 CFU/g) and the nightshades (1.78×102 CFU/g), showing significant (p<0.05) difference. Faecal streptococci load ranged from 1.01×103 to 3.18×103 CFU/g and was significantly (p˂0.05) higher in amaranths than in lettuces and nightshades. C. perfringens ranged from 0.633×101 to 1.18×101 CFU/g. Salmonella spp. was absent in all vegetables.
Conclusion: High microbial contaminations were found in the three leafy vegetables in urban gardening at Porto-Novo, Benin. So, it is necessary to improve the microbial quality of leafy vegetables farmed at Porto-Novo for reduction of health risk in consumers.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.6.4.1995
Methods: Totally, 36 samples of amaranth, nightshade, and lettuce were taken from three districts of Porto-Novo at urban gardening level. The samples were tested microbiologically according to international standards for determination of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Clostridium perfringens, faecal streptococci, and Salmonella spp. The results were analyzed using SPSS software v. 16.0.
Results: In total, aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts in leafy vegetables ranged from 4.42×105 to 1.08×106 Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/g. The highest and lowest total coliform loads were found in lettuces (3.21×103 CFU/g) and the nightshades (1.78×102 CFU/g), showing significant (p<0.05) difference. Faecal streptococci load ranged from 1.01×103 to 3.18×103 CFU/g and was significantly (p˂0.05) higher in amaranths than in lettuces and nightshades. C. perfringens ranged from 0.633×101 to 1.18×101 CFU/g. Salmonella spp. was absent in all vegetables.
Conclusion: High microbial contaminations were found in the three leafy vegetables in urban gardening at Porto-Novo, Benin. So, it is necessary to improve the microbial quality of leafy vegetables farmed at Porto-Novo for reduction of health risk in consumers.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.6.4.1995
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 19/01/30 | Accepted: 19/04/12 | Published: 19/12/16
Received: 19/01/30 | Accepted: 19/04/12 | Published: 19/12/16
References
1. Andres L., Lebailly P. (2011). Peri-urban agriculture: the case of market gardening in Niamey, Niger. African Review of Economics and Finance. 3: 69-85.
2. Atindegla S.C., Huat J., Agbossou E.K., Saint-Macary H., Glèlè Kakai R. (2016). Vegetable contamination by the fecal bacteria of poultry manure: case study of gardening sites in Southern Benin. International Journal of Food Science. [DOI: 10.1155/2016/4767453] [DOI:10.1155/2016/4767453] [PMID] [PMCID]
3. Aycicek H., Oguz U., Karci K. (2006). Determination of total aerobic and indicator bacteria on some raw eaten vegetables from wholesalers in Ankara, Turkey. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health. 209: 197-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.006] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.07.006] [PMID]
4. Beuchat L.R. (2002). Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes and Infection. 4: 413-423. [DOI: 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01555-1] [DOI:10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01555-1]
5. Franz E., van Diepeningen A.D., de Vos O.J., van Bruggen A.H.C. (2005). Effects of cattle feeding regimen and soil management type on the fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in manure, manure-amended soil, and lettuce. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 71: 6165-6174. [DOI: 10.1128/AEM.71.10.6165-6174.2005] [DOI:10.1128/AEM.71.10.6165-6174.2005] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. Hou Z., Fink R.C., Radtke C., Sadowsky M.J., Diez-Gonzalez F. (2013). Incidence of naturally internalized bacteria in lettuce leaves. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 162: 260-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.027] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.01.027] [PMID]
7. Hougbenou Houngla E.J., Tossougbo Hinson C.D., Gbankoto A., Anani B.L.C. (2019). Characteristics of urban market gardening in Porto-Novo, Republic of Benin, West Africa. International Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 66-76.
8. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2003). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the enumeration of sulfite-reducing bacteria growing under anaerobic conditions. ISO 15213.
9. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2006). Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for the enumeration of coliforms-Colony-count technique. ISO 4832.
10. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2013). Microbiology of the food chain-Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms-Part 1: colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique. ISO 4833-1.
11. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). (2017). Microbiology of the food chain-Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella-Part 1: detection of Salmonella spp. ISO 6579.
12. Jiang X., Morgan J., Doyle M.P. (2002). Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in manure-amended soil. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 68: 2605-2609. [DOI: 10.1128/AEM.68.5.2605-2609.2002] [DOI:10.1128/AEM.68.5.2605-2609.2002] [PMID] [PMCID]
13. Kłapeć T., Wojcik-Fatla A., Cholewa A., Cholewa G., Dutkiewicz J. (2016). Microbiological characterization of vegetables and their rhizosphere soil in Eastern Poland. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine. 423: 559-565. [DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1226846] [DOI:10.5604/12321966.1226846] [PMID]
14. Leff W.J., Fierer N. (2013). Bacterial communities associated with the surfaces of fresh fruits and vegetables. PLoS ONE. 8: e59310. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0059310] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0059310] [PMID] [PMCID]
15. Lewis Ivey M.L., LeJeune J.T., Miller S.A. (2012). Vegetable producers' perceptions of food safety hazards in the Midwestern USA. Food Control. 26: 453-465. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.065] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.01.065]
16. Maffei D.F., de Arruda Silveira N.F., da Penha Longo Mortatti Catanozi M. (2013). Microbiological quality of organic and conventional vegetables sold in Brazil. Food Control. 29: 226-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.013] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.06.013]
17. Mei Soon J., Manning L., Paul Davies W., Baines R. (2012). Fresh produce-associated outbreaks: a call for HACCP on farms? British Food Journal. 114: 553-597. [DOI: 10.1108/00070701211219568] [DOI:10.1108/00070701211219568]
18. Nesamvuni C., Steyn N.P., Potgieter M.J. (2001). Nutritional value of wild, leafy plants consumed by the Vhavenda research letter. South African Journal of Science. 97: 51-54. [DOI: 10520/EJC97277]
19. Nguz K., Shindano J., Samapundo S., Huyghebaert A. (2005). Microbiological evaluation of fresh-cut organic vegetables produced in Zambia. Food Control. 16: 623-628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.07.001] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.07.001]
20. Nousiainen L.L., Joutsen S., Lunden J., Hänninen M.L., Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. (2016). Bacterial quality and safety of packaged fresh leafy vegetables at the retail level in Finland. International Journal of Food Microbiology. 232: 73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.020] [DOI:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.05.020] [PMID]
21. Olson J.H., Erie J.C., Bakri S.J. (2011). Nutritional supplementation and age-related macular degeneration. Seminars in Ophthalmology. 26 : 131-136. [DOI:10.3109/08820538.2011.577131] [DOI:10.3109/08820538.2011.577131] [PMID]
22. Park J.E., Ahn T.S., Lee H.J., Lee Y.O. (2006). Comparison of total and faecal coliforms as faecal indicator in eutrophicated surface water. Water Science and Technology. 3: 185-190. [DOI: 10.2166/wst.2006.467] [DOI:10.2166/wst.2006.467] [PMID]
23. Park S., Szonyi B., Gautam R., Nightingale K., Anciso J., Ivanek R. (2012). Risk factors for microbial contamination in fruits and vegetables at the preharvest level: a systematic review. Journal of Food Protection. 75: 2055-2081. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-160] [DOI:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-12-160] [PMID]
24. Quiroz-Santiago C., Rodas-Sua'rez O.R., Va'zquez Q., Ferna'ndez C.R.Q., Fernandez F.J., Quin˜ones-Ramı'rez E.I., Va'zquez-Salinas C. (2009). Prevalence of Salmonella in vegetables from Mexico. Journal of Food Protection. 72: 1279-1282. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-72.6.1279] [DOI:10.4315/0362-028X-72.6.1279] [PMID]
25. Steyn N.P., Olivier J., Wirter P., Burger S., Nesamvuni C. (2001). A survey of wild, green, leafy vegetables and their potential in combating micronutrient deficiencies in rural populations. South African Journal of Science. 97: 276-278.
26. Tango C.N., Choi N.J., Chung M.S., Oh D.H. (2014). Bacteriological quality of vegetables from organic and conventional production in different areas of Korea. Journal of Food Protection. 77: 1411-1417. [DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-514] [DOI:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-13-514] [PMID]
27. Uyttendaele M., Jaykus L.A., Amoah P., Chiodini A., Cunliffe D., Jacxsens L., Holvoet K., Korsten L., Lau M., McVlure P., Medema G., Sampers I., et al. (2015). Microbial hazards in irrigation water: standards, norms, and testing to manage use of water in fresh produce primary production. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science Food Safety. 14: 336-356. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12133] [DOI:10.1111/1541-4337.12133]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
