Volume 7, Issue 1 (March 2020)
J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2020, 7(1): 45-50 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Rahayu W, Herawati D, Broto W, Indrostristanto N, Ambarwati S, Adhi W. Risk Estimation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma due to Exposure to Aflatoxins in Maize from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. J. Food Qual. Hazards Control 2020; 7 (1) :45-50
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.html
URL: http://jfqhc.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.html
Department of Food Science and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor, Indonesia , wini_a@hotmail.com
Abstract: (2322 Views)
Background: Besides their mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic effects, Aflatoxins (AFs) also act as the main contributor to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is known as the most common primary liver cancer worldwide. The main aim of this study was risk estimation of HCC due to exposure to aflatoxins in maize from Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Methods: As a model, maize samples were taken from Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The present research was conducted by risk assessment approach which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The aflatoxin analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography method and the secondary data was taken from the province report.
Results: The mean total AF in raw material, dried maize chips, and fried chips were 46.58, 17.58, and 13.24 ppb, respectively. The raw material clearly had higher level of all AF types. The mean of contamination of total AF in raw material (46.58 ppb) exceeded the standard level (20 ppb), while the other products were not more than standard level. The yearly maximum exposure to AFB1 ranged from 85.07 to 92.80 ng/kg body weight per day. The estimation of HCC cases ranged from no case to 43 cases per year.
Conclusion: Preventive hygienic efforts are needed to reduce AF contamination and risk of HCC in maize consumed in this region of Indonesia.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.1.2451
Methods: As a model, maize samples were taken from Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. The present research was conducted by risk assessment approach which includes hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The aflatoxin analysis was performed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography method and the secondary data was taken from the province report.
Results: The mean total AF in raw material, dried maize chips, and fried chips were 46.58, 17.58, and 13.24 ppb, respectively. The raw material clearly had higher level of all AF types. The mean of contamination of total AF in raw material (46.58 ppb) exceeded the standard level (20 ppb), while the other products were not more than standard level. The yearly maximum exposure to AFB1 ranged from 85.07 to 92.80 ng/kg body weight per day. The estimation of HCC cases ranged from no case to 43 cases per year.
Conclusion: Preventive hygienic efforts are needed to reduce AF contamination and risk of HCC in maize consumed in this region of Indonesia.
DOI: 10.18502/jfqhc.7.1.2451
Keywords: Aflatoxins, Zea mays, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular, Dietary Exposure, Risk Assessment, Indonesia
Type of Study: Original article |
Subject:
Special
Received: 20/01/03 | Accepted: 20/02/14 | Published: 20/03/06
Received: 20/01/03 | Accepted: 20/02/14 | Published: 20/03/06
References
1. Adetunji M.C., Atanda O.O., Ezekiel C.N. (2017). Risk assessment of mycotoxins in stored maize grains consumed by infants and young children in Nigeria. Children. 4: 58. [DOI: 10.3390 /children4070058] [DOI:10.3390/children4070058] [PMID] [PMCID]
2. Ahsan S., Bhatti I.A., Asi M.R., Bhatti H.N., Sheikh M.A. (2010). Occurrence of aflatoxins in maize grains from central areas of Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 12: 571-575.
3. Association of Official Analytical Chemistry (AOAC). (2012). Official methods of analysis. No. AOAC 991.31. AOAC, Washington.
4. Central Statistic Agency. (2019). Total population by regency/city in D.I Yogyakarta 2010-2019. URL: https://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/ dynamictable/2017/08/02/32/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-kabupaten-kota-di-d-i-yogyakarta-jiwa-.html. Accessed 30 December 2019.
5. Chu Y.J., Yang H.I., Wu H.C., Liu J., Wang L.Y., Lu S.N., Lee M.H., Jen C.L., You S.L., Santella R.M., Chen C.J. (2017). Aflatoxin B1 exposure increases the risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers. International Journal of Cancer. 141: 711-720. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30782] [DOI:10.1002/ijc.30782] [PMID] [PMCID]
6. District Agricultural Agency. (2017a). Government agency performance report. [Bahasa Indonesia]. Kementerian Pertanian RI, Yogyakarta. pp: 32.
7. District Agricultural Agency. (2017b). Harvested area, production and productivity of rice and secondary crops year 2012-2016 in DIY Province. URL: http://distan.jogjaprov.go.id/wp-content/download/tanaman_pangan/2016/t19_21.pdf. Ac-cessed 30 December 2019.
8. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2006). Food safety risk analysis: a guide for national food safety authorities. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. 87.
9. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). (2009). Dietary exposure assessment of chemicals in food: principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. World Health Organization. pp: 98.
10. Gnonlonfin G.J.B., Hell K., Adjovi Y., Fandohan P., Koudande D.O., Mensah G.A., Sanni A., Brimer L. (2013). A review on aflatoxin contamination and its implications in the developing world: a sub-Saharan African perspective. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 53: 349-365. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.535718] [DOI:10.1080/10408398.2010.535718] [PMID]
11. Hahn S., Schneider K., Gartiser S., Heger W., Mangelsdorf I. (2010). Consumer exposure to biocides-identification of relevant sources and evaluation of possible health effects. Environmental Health. 9: 7. [DOI: 10.1186/1476-069X-9-7] [DOI:10.1186/1476-069X-9-7] [PMID] [PMCID]
12. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). (2007). WHO technical report series: evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. URL: http://apps.who.int /iris/bitstream/10665/43870/1/9789241209472_eng.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2019.
13. Kamala A., Kimanya M., Lachat C., Jacxsens L., Haesaert G., Kolsteren P., Ortiz J., Tiisekwa B., De Meulenaer B. (2017). Risk of exposure to multiple mycotoxins from maize-based complementary foods in Tanzania. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65: 7106-7114. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc. 6b03429] [DOI:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03429] [PMID]
14. Kitya D., Bbosa G.S., Mulogo E. (2010). Aflatoxin levels in common foods of South Western Uganda: a risk factor to hepatocellular carcinoma. European Journal of Cancer Care. 19: 516-521. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2354.2009.01087.x] [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2009.01087.x] [PMID]
15. Kos J., Mastilović J., Hajnal E.J., Šarić B. (2013). Natural occurrence of aflatoxins in maize harvested in Serbia during 2009- 2012. Food Control. 34: 31-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont. 2013.04.004] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.004]
16. Kusumaningrum H.D., Suliantari, Toha A.D., Putra S.H., Utami A.S. (2010). Contamination of Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin at distribution chain of maize based food product and its influencing factors. Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri Pangan. 21: 171-176. [Bahasa Indonesia with English abstract]
17. Liu Y., Wu F. (2010). Global burden of aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma: a risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives. 118: 818-824. [DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901388] [DOI:10.1289/ehp.0901388] [PMID] [PMCID]
18. Lizárraga-Paulín E.G., Moreno-Martínez E., Miranda-Castro S.P. (2011). Aflatoxins and their impact on human and animal health: an emerging problem. Aflatoxins-Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 13: 255-262. [DOI: 10.5772/26196] [DOI:10.5772/26196]
19. Magnussen A., Parsi M.A. (2013). Aflatoxins, hepatocellular carcinoma and public health. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 19: 1508-1512. [DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1508] [DOI:10.3748/wjg.v19.i10.1508] [PMID] [PMCID]
20. Ministry of Health of Indonesia. (2013). Basic health research 2013. Agency of Health Research and Development, Jakarta, Indonesia.
21. National Standardization Body. (2009). The limit content of mycotoxins in food. SNI 7385. BSN, Jakarta, Indonesia.
22. Pleadin J., Vulić A., Perši N., Škrivanko M., Capek B., Cvetnić Ž. (2014). Aflatoxin B1 occurrence in maize sampled from Croatian farms and feed factories during 2013. Food Control. 40: 286-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.022] [DOI:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.022]
23. Pratiwi C., Rahayu W.P., Lioe H.N., Herawati D., Broto W., Ambarwati S. (2015). The effect of temperature and relative humidity for Aspergillus flavus BIO 2237 growth and aflatoxin production on soybeans. International Food Research Journal. 22: 82-87.
24. Rahayu W.P., Harsi D.K., Sparringa R.A. (2004). Risk analysis principles. National Agency of Drug and Food Control, Jakarta.
25. Udovicki B., Djekic I., Kljusuric J.G., Papageorgiou M., Skendi A., Djugum J., Rajkovic A. (2019). Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxins intake through consumption of maize products in the adult populations of Serbia, Croatia and Greece. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A. 36: 940-951. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1600748] [DOI:10.1080/19440049.2019.1600748] [PMID]
26. Vaghela S., Afshari R. (2017). Comparative cancer risk assessment to estimate risk of hepatocellular carcinoma attributable to dietary exposure of aflatoxin through a surrogate (maize) in Eastern Mediterranean Region (Iran) as compared to East (Canada) and West Pacific (China) regions. Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology. 6: 67-73. [DOI: 10.22038/APJMT.2017. 9395]
27. Wang J.S., Huang T., Su J., Liang F., Wei Z., Liang Y., Luo H., Kuang S.Y., Qian G.S., Sun G., He X., Kensler T.W., et al. (2001). Hepatocellular carcinoma and aflatoxin exposure in Zhuqing village, Fusui county, People's Republic of China. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention. 10: 143-146.
28. World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/FAO). (2009). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. International programme on chemical safety. WHO/FAO, Rome.
29. Wu F. (2015). Global impacts of aflatoxin in maize: trade and human health. World Mycotoxin Journal. 8: 137-142. [DOI: 10.3920/WMJ2014.1737] [DOI:10.3920/WMJ2014.1737]
30. Wu F., Guclu H. (2012). Aflatoxin regulations in a network of global maize trade. PloS One. 7: e45151. [DOI: 10.1371/journal. pone.0045151] [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0045151] [PMID] [PMCID]
31. Wu F., Stacy S.L., Kensler T.W. (2013). Global risk assessment of aflatoxins in maize and peanuts: are regulatory standards adequately protective? Toxicological Sciences. 135: 251-259. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft132] [DOI:10.1093/toxsci/kft132] [PMID] [PMCID]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
